Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas nemoderuojamos platformos „Telegram“ vaidmuo Lietuvos visuomeninio transliuotojo LRT naujienų portalo informacijos apie karą sklaidoje per pirmuosius du Rusijos plataus masto invazijos į Ukrainą mėnesius. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti kontraversiškos viešosios erdvės „Telegram“ turinio integravimą į pagrindinės žiniasklaidos naujienų srautą ir nustatyti redakcinius sprendimus, šaltinio ir turinio pasirinkimo bei kontekstualizavimo aspektus. Atlikta kokybinė ir kiekybinė turinio analizė parodė, kad „Telegram“ tapo svarbiu autentiškos piliečių žiniasklaidos iš įvykio vietos šaltiniu, tačiau LRT redakciniai pasirinkimai, renkantis informacijos šaltinius, buvo gana saugūs, orientuoti į oficialius šalies valdžios atstovus, pagrindinės žiniasklaidos ar patikimumo simboliu pažymėtus kanalus, taip dalį atsakomybės už informacijos objektyvumą perkeliant pirminiams „Telegram“ šaltiniams. Turinio analizė atskleidė, kad be šaltinių iš Ukrainos buvo integruojami ir Rusijos kanalai, taip perteikiant abipusę karo perspektyvą, kurios aktualumas didėjo kartu su karo nusikaltimų ar nuostolių atskleidimu. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad episteminę vertę kuriantis emocionalus piliečių-žurnalistų audiovizualinis turinys su necenzūrine kalba buvo integruojamas į naujienų srautą netaikant jokių ribojimų, nors tokio turinio srautas nuosekliai mažėjo.
Adegbola, O., Gearhart, S., & Cho, J. (2022). Reporting Bias in Coverage of Iran Protests by Global News Agencies. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220966948
Akbari, A., & Gabdulhakov, R. (2019). Platform Surveillance and Resistance in Iran and Russia: The Case of Telegram. Surveillance & Society, 17(1/2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12928
Al-Rawi, A. (2022). News loopholing: Telegram news as portable alternative media. Journal of Computational Social Science, 5(1), 949–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-021-00155-3
Alitavoli, R. (2020). Framing the news on the Syrian War: A comparative study of antiwar.com and cnn.com editorials. Media, War & Conflict, 13(4), 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219850326
Allan, S., & Thorsen, E. (2009). Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives. Peter Lang Publishing.
Aronson, J. D. (2018). The utility of user-generated content in human rights investigations. In M. K. Land & J. D. Aronson (Eds.), New Technologies for Human Rights Law and Practice (pp. 129–148). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316838952.006
Baden, C., & Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K. (2018). The search for common ground in conflict news research: Comparing the coverage of six current conflicts in domestic and international media over time. Media War & Conflict, 11(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217702071
Banchik, A. V. (2021). Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1527–1544. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820912724
Bednarek, M. (2008). Emotion Talk across Corpora. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2012). News Discourse. Continuum.
Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300127232
Bitė. (2022, kovo 15). Internetas karo Ukrainoje metu: „Telegram“ naudojasi 9 kartus daugiau, kelionių programėlės – krito. https://www.bite.lt/apie/naujienos/Internetas-karo-Ukrainoje-metu
Bovet, A., & Grindrod, P. (2022). Organization and evolution of the UK far-right network on Telegram. Applied Network Science, 7(1), Article 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-022-00513-8
Bruns, A., & Highfield, T. (2015). Is Habermas on Twitter?: Social media and the public sphere. In A. Bruns, G. Enli, E. Skogerbo, A. O. Larsson, & Ch. Christensen (Eds.), The Routledge companion to social media and politics (pp. 56–73). Routledge.
Bykov, I. A., Medvedeva, M. V., & Hradziushka, A. A. (2021). Anonymous communication strategy in Telegram: Toward comparative analysis of Russia and Belarus. In 2021 Communication Strategies in Digital Society Seminar (ComSDS) (pp. 14–17). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ComSDS52473.2021.9422858
Buckley, N., & Schafer, J. S. (2022). “Censorship-free” platforms: Evaluating content moderation policies and practices of alternative social media. For(e)Dialogue, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.21428/e3990ae6.483f18da
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007
Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System. Oxford University Press.
Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press.
Conrado, S. P., Neville, K., Woodworth, S., & O’Riordan, S. (2016). Managing social media uncertainty to support the decision making process during Emergencies. Journal of Decision Systems, 25(1), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2016.1187396
Criezis, M. (2020). Online Deceptions: Renegotiating Gender Boundaries on ISIS Telegram. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(1), 67–73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891986
Curley, C., Siapera, E., & Carthy, J. (2022). Covid-19 Protesters and the Far Right on Telegram: Co-Conspirators or Accidental Bedfellows? Social Media + Society, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221129187
Dargahi Nobari, A., Sarraf, M. H. K. M., Neshati, M., & Erfanian Daneshvar, F. (2021). Characteristics of viral messages on Telegram; The world’s largest hybrid public and private messenger. Expert Systems with Applications, 168, Article 114303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114303
Dimitrova, D. V., Kaid, L. L., Williams, A. P., & Trammell, K. D. (2005). War on the Web: The Immediate News Framing of Gulf War II. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05275595
Dwi Astuti, Y., Attaymini, R., & Devi, M. S. R. (2022). Digital Media and War: Social Media as a Propaganda Tool for the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in the Post-truth Era. In R. Kertamukti, Y. Dwi Astuti, M. J. N. Huda, T. Yazid, H. Wai Weng, & N. Muthahari (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Social Science and Humanities (AICOSH 2022) (Vol. 717, pp. 19–27). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-87-9_4
Eldridge, S. A. (2019). Where Do We Draw the Line? Interlopers, (Ant)agonists, and an Unbounded Journalistic Field. Media and Communication (Lisboa), 7(4), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2295
Engelmann, I., Luebke, S. M., & Kessler, S. H. (2021). ‘Effects of News Factors on Users’ News Attention and Selective Exposure on a News Aggregator Website’. Journalism Studies, 22(6), 780–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1889395
Farbman, S. (2023). Telegram, “Milbloggers” and the Russian State. Survival (London), 65(3), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2218703
Gibson, A. (2019). Free Speech and Safe Spaces: How Moderation Policies Shape Online Discussion Spaces. Social Media + Society, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119832588
Giddens, A. (1995). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity.
Gilboa, E., Jumbert, M. G., Miklian, J., & Robinson, P. (2016). Moving media and conflict studies beyond the cnn effect. Review of International Studies, 42(4), 654–672. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021051600005X
Gillespie, T. (2020). Content moderation, AI, and the question of scale. Big Data & Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720943234
Habermas, J., Bürger, T., & Lawrence, F. (1996). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. MIT Press.
Hayes, D., & Guardino, M. (2010). Whose views made the news? Media coverage and the march To war in Iraq. Political Communication, 27(1), 59–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600903502615
Harcup, T. (2005). “I’m Doing this to Change the World”: journalism in alternative and mainstream media. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500132016
Hargreaves, I. (2003). Journalism. Oxford University Press.
Hbur, Z. V. (2022). Bases of informative safety of the state are in the conditions of war. Baltija Publishing.
Herasimenka, A., Bright, J., Knuutila, A., & Howard, P. N. (2023). Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: the case of telegram. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 20(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272
Hermida, A. (2010). TWITTERING THE NEWS: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703
Hermida, A., & Young, M. L. (2019). From Peripheral to Integral? A Digital-Born Journalism Not for Profit in a Time of Crises. Media and Communication (Lisboa), 7(4), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2269
Hiatt, K. (2016). Open source evidence on trial. Yale Law Journal Forum, 125, 323–330. https://yalelawjournal.org/pdf/Hiatt_PDF_zxz3ufoz.pdf
Holt, K., Ustad Figenschou, T., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715
Horska, K., Dosenko, A., Iuksel, G., Yuldasheva, L., & Solomatova, V. (2023). Internet platforms as alternative sources of information during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.36
Hoskins, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2015). Arrested war: The third phase of mediatization. Information, Communication & Society, 18(11), 1320–1338. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1068350
Ibrahim, M., Wang, B., Xu, M., & Xu, H. (2025). A multidimensional analysis of media framing in the Russia-Ukraine war. Journal of Computational Social Science, 8(2), Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-025-00363-1
Jiang, Z. (2024). Mining themes, emotions, and stance in the news coverage of the Russia–Ukraine War from Reuters and Xinhua. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 39(2), 609–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqae015
Kenix, L. J. (2011). Alternative and mainstream media the converging spectrum. Bloomsbury Academic.
Kenix, L. J. (2015). Commercialism and the Deconstruction of Alternative and Mainstream Media. In Ch. Atton (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Alternative and Community Media (pp. 66–76). Routledge.
Kperogi, F. A. (2013). News with Views: Postobjectivism and Emergent Alternative Journalistic Practices in America’s Corporate News Media. The Review of Communication, 13(1), 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2012.752521
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
La Morgia, M., Mei, A., Mongardini, A. M., & Wu, J. (2021). Uncovering the dark side of Telegram: Fakes, clones, scams, and conspiracy movements. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.13530
Lewandowsky, S., Smillie, L., Garcia, D., Hertwig, R., Weatherall, J., Egidy, S., . . . Leiser, M. (2020). Technology and Democracy: Understanding the influence of online technologies on political behaviour and decision-making. Publications Office of the European Union. https://dx.doi.org/10.2760/709177
Lyakhovenko, O. I. (2022). Telegram Channels in the System of Expert and Political Communication in Modern Russia. Galaktika Media: Žurnal Media Issledovanij, 4(1), 114–144. https://doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v4i1.230
Lou, C., Tandoc Jr, E. C., Hong, L. X., Pong, X. Y. (Brenda), Lye, W. X. (Rachelle), & Sng, N. G. (Trisha). (2021). When Motivations Meet Affordances: News Consumption on Telegram. Journalism Studies (London, England), 22(7), 934–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1906299
Matias, J. N. (2016, September 22–23). The civic labor of online moderators [Paper presentation]. Internet, Policy, and Politics Conference (IPP 2016: The Platform Society), University of Oxford, UK. https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf
Merrin, W. (2019). Digital War: A Critical Introduction. Routledge.
Nazaruk, T. (2022). Subscribe and Follow. Telegram and Responsive Archiving the War in Ukraine. Sociologica, 16(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/15339
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. Sage Publications.
Nygren, G., Glowacki, M., Hök, J., Kiria, I., Orlova, D., & Taradai, D. (2018). Journalism in the crossfire: Media coverage of the war in Ukraine in 2014. Journalism Studies, 19(7), 1059–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1251332
Oleinik, A. (2024). Telegram channels covering Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: a comparative analysis of large multilingual corpora. Journal of Computational Social Science, 7(1), 361–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-023-00240-9
Pantti, M. (2010). The Value of Emotion: An Examination of Television Journalists’ Notions on Emotionality. European Journal of Communication, 25(2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323110363653
Pantti, M. (2019). The personalisation of conflict reporting: Visual coverage of the Ukraine crisis on twitter. Digital Journalism, 7(1), 124–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1399807
Peat, D. F. (2007). From certainty to uncertainty: Thought, theory and action in a postmodern world. Futures, 39(8), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2007.03.007
Peeters, S., & Willaert, T. (2022). Telegram and Digital Methods: Mapping Networked Cospiracy Theories Through Platform Affordances. M/C Journal, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2878
Piko, B. F. (2002). Socio-cultural stress in modern societies and the myth of anxiety in Eastern Europe. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 29(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015199727651
Prokopenko, O. (2022). Some aspects of the state information policy of the modern state: definitions of the future. Futurity Economics & Law, 2(4), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEL.2022.12.25.08
Ptaszek, G., Yuskiv, B., & Khomych, S. (2024). War on frames: Text mining of conflict in Russian and Ukrainian news agency coverage on Telegram during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Media, War & Conflict, 17(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352231166327
Rauch, J. (2016). Are There Still Alternatives? Relationships Between Alternative Media and Mainstream Media in a Converged Environment. Sociology Compass, 10(9), 756–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12403
Rogers, R. (2020). Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media. European Journal of Communication, 35(3), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120922066
Robinson, C. (2020). Mainstream media. In D. L. Merskin (Ed.), The SAGE international encyclopedia of mass media and society (Vol. 5, pp. 994–995). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483375519.n385
Roman, N., Wanta, W., & Buniak, I. (2017). Information wars: Eastern Ukraine military conflict coverage in the Russian, Ukrainian and U.S. newscasts. International Communication Gazette, 79(4), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516682138
Scheffler, T., Solopova, V., & Popa-Wyatt, M. (2021). The Telegram Chronicles of Online Harm. Journal of Open Humanities Data, 7, Article 8. https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.31
Schmid, S., Hartwig, K., Cieslinski, R., & Reuter, C. (2024). Digital Resilience in Dealing with Misinformation on Social Media during COVID-19. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10347-5
Schulze, H., Hohner, J., Greipl, S., Girgnhuber, M., Desta, I., & Rieger, D. (2022). Far-right conspiracy groups on fringe platforms: a longitudinal analysis of radicalization dynamics on Telegram. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 28(4), 1103–1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104977
Seib, P. (2004). Beyond the Front Lines: How the News Media Cover a World Shaped by War. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-7382-5
Shehabat, A., Mitew, T., & Alzoubi, Y. (2017). Encrypted Jihad: Investigating the Role of Telegram App in Lone Wolf Attacks in the West. Journal of Strategic Security, 10(3), 27–53. http://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.3.1604
Simon, M., Welbers, K., Kroon, A. C., & Trilling, D. (2023). Linked in the dark: A network approach to understanding information flows within the Dutch Telegramsphere. Information, Communication & Society, 26(15), 3054–3078. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2133549
Singh, S. (2025). Telegram Users Statistics (2025) – 1 Billion Users [Global Data]. https://www.demandsage.com/telegram-statistics/
Slobozhan, I., Brik, T., & Sharma, R. (2023). Differentiable characteristics of Telegram mediums during protests in Belarus 2020. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-01002-7
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E., & DeMarco, J. (2023). The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 17(4), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2023-4-8
Starr, P. (2020). The Flooded Zone: How We Became More Vulnerable to Disinformation in the Digital Era. In W. L. Bennett & S. Livingston (Eds.), The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States (pp. 67–92). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914628.003
Steblyna, N. O. (2024). Digital media environment in wartime. Russian invasion coverage in Ukrainian professional and amateur news media. Horyzonty Polityki, 15(51), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.35765/hp.2484
Steiger, M., Bharucha, T. J., Venkatagiri, S., Riedl, M. J., & Lease, M. (2021). The psychological well-being of content moderators: the emotional labor of commercial moderation and avenues for improving support. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–14). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445092
Steppat, D., Castro, L., & Esser, F. (2023). What News Users Perceive as ‘Alternative Media’ Varies between Countries: How Media Fragmentation and Polarization Matter. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 741–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1939747
Urman, A., Ho, J. C., & Katz, S. (2020). No Central Stage:Telegram-based activity during the 2019 protests in Hong Kong. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ueds4
Urman, A., Ho, J. C., Katz, S., & Park, C. S. (2021). Analyzing protest mobilization on Telegram: The case of 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill movement in Hong Kong. PloS One, 16(10), Article e0256675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256675
Veglis, A. (2014). Moderation Techniques for Social Media Content. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social Computing and Social Media (SCSM 2014) (pp. 137–148). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07632-4_13
Venâncio, O. R., Ferreira, C. H., Almeida, J. M., & da Silva, A. P. C. (2024). Unraveling User Coordination on Telegram: A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Mobilization during the 2022 Brazilian Presidential Election. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 18, 1545–1556.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Walther, S., & McCoy, A. (2021). US Extremism on Telegram: Fueling Disinformation, Conspiracy Theories, and Accelerationism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(2), 100–124. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27007298
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Sage. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/sensemaking-in-organizations/book4988
Wijermars, M. (2022). Selling internet control: the framing of the Russian ban of messaging app Telegram. Information, Communication & Society, 25(15), 2190–2206. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1933562
Wijermars, M., & Lokot, T. (2022). Is Telegram a “harbinger of freedom”? The performance, practices, and perception of platforms as political actors in authoritarian states. Post-Soviet Affairs, 38(1–2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2022.2030645
Wolfsfeld, G. (2004). Media and the path to peace. Cambridge University Press.
Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., De Cristofaro, E., Kourtellis, N., Leontiadis, I., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2017). The Web Centipede: Understanding How Web Communities Influence Each Other Through the Lens of Mainstream and Alternative News Sources. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1705.06947
Zeng, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing “Dark Platforms”. Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab. Digital Journalism, 9(9), 1321–1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165
Zhong, W., Bailard, C., Broniatowski, D., & Tromble, R. (2024). Proud Boys on Telegram. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 4, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2024.003
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2014). Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 17–55). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_2
Šis darbas apsaugotas Creative Commons priskyrimo 4.0 viešąja licencija.