Prawo, Przepis, Tora – przekład nazw świętych ksiąg w polskich translacjach biblijnych i koranicznych

Santrauka

The aim of this article is to show Biblical and Koranic translations of the names of the sacred books such as Law, Rule, Torah. They are selected lexemes from the semantic field of the names of Christian and Muslim books present on the Koran and Bible pages. Other names from the law area are: Decree, Proof, Admonition, Judgment, Warning, Safeguard, Settlement and Judge. Also, the author searches for the answers of the questions: was the process of translation of the sacred book of Islam patterned on the Biblical translations or were semantic equivalents searched for in general Polish (from this it follows that an indication of the history of these lexemes could be found in the Polish language)? Were there also other manners of rendering the specific meaning of Muslim terminology in the translated texts?
It was stated that in the Polish translations of the Koran and the Bible one can distinguish four main methods of rendering the proper names as well as the appealing ones: 1. Translocation (transferring the name in the foreign form as a quotation). 2. Transforming into Slavonic (borrowing the form and the meaning of the word and the adaptation into the grammar and lexical system of Slavonic languages, including Polish language). 3. Translation (searching for Polish semantic equivalents). 4. Creating neologisms or neosemantisms.
An example of translocated word is Torāh, the Hebrew original name present on the K3 pages. In the writing Tlp Slavonic forms of the trameian taurāt – Taur, Tawrīt, Tawry, Tewrat, T’evrit’ appears. In the 19th century, translations of the Koran and at Tlp are used with references to the Moses’ Book’s Greek name Pentateuchum, and later, in the 20th century translations of the Hebrew original name Torah are used.
Examples of the translation of a lexeme of a foreign origin are the words law and regulation appearing in the Bible and the Koran. The source of the translation is, first of all, the Hebrew tỏrh preaching, caution, tip, regulation, law, Law, translated in the analysed context of the OT most frequently as law (“Biblia Tysiąclecia” (BT) and old Polish translations) or order (known from Old Polish translations) and Greek  translated as law or order, too. Analogically to the biblical translations, the lexeme law was used as the name of the sacred book – the Koran in the Jan Murza Tarak-Buczacki’s translation, whereas, in the case of the Pentateuch, J. M. Buczacki used the name regulation, present only in the contemporary translation of the Bible (BT) as the translation of the Hebrew tỏrh (OT) or Greek  (NT) and appearing in the meaning of advice, commandment, law, but not used as the name of the Holy Scripture or its part. That is why it is also an example of the neosemantisation of this word.