Retracted: Digit staircases and a general identity for multiplication by (b-1)
Articles
Raven Quilestino-Olario
University of Cologne
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2772
Maricor Jane R. Alzola
University of Southeastern Philippines image/svg+xml
Maria Bianca C. Galicia
University of Southeastern Philippines image/svg+xml
JR I. Lantaca
University of the Philippines Open University image/svg+xml
Kayshe Joy F. Pelingon
Mindanao State University image/svg+xml
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-7179
Published 2025-12-21
https://doi.org/10.15388/LMR.2025.44495
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Keywords

digital root
divisibility by nine
modular arithmetic
number patterns
base-b representation

How to Cite

Quilestino-Olario, R. (2025) “Retracted: Digit staircases and a general identity for multiplication by (b-1)”, Lietuvos matematikos rinkinys, 66(A), pp. 30–38. doi:10.15388/LMR.2025.44495.

Abstract

Multiples of nine in base 10 form a staircase pattern: the tens digit increases, the ones digit decreases, and their sum is always nine. We establish a general identity showing that in any base~b, multiplication by (b – 1) produces the same phenomenon. Examples across numeral systems illustrate its link to digital roots and modular arithmetic, while its pedagogical and historical significance highlights how an elementary curiosity fits within number theory and mathematics education.

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