This study seeks to assess the relationship between population ageing in Lithuania and developments in the labour market. In analysing labour-resource dynamics and ageing-related demographic trends, the article prioritises an evaluation of the absolute and relative changes in the number of individuals of working age and older persons. To characterise the issue in greater depth, the publication also employs additional indicators associated with population (labour-force) ageing, including the demographic old-age coefficient and the median age. The link between population ageing and labour-market outcomes is further reflected through specific statistical indicators used in the analysis, such as the average age of employed persons and the average age of those exiting employment, derived from the Labour Force Survey data. A further priority of the study is to assess differences in labour-market integration opportunities for more vulnerable target groups in Lithuania, namely, for older people and for young people. By using correlation-regression analysis, the publication also examines the relationship between economic development (GDP) and labour-market conditions across the EU countries, while focusing on two demographically contrasting age groups: youth and older persons. Accordingly, the analysis does not rely solely on national statistics but, additionally, incorporates Eurostat data and comparative data from other Baltic States.
Belfiori, E., Macera, M. (2025). Optimal Climate Policy with Demographic Transitions. The Economic Journal, Article ueaf118. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaf118
Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M., & Prettner, K. (2018). Health and economic growth (IZA Discussion Paper No. 11939). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://docs.iza.org/dp11939.pdf
Boer, L. (2025). Potential Growth and Migration: Republic of Lithuania. Selected Issues Papers, 2025(138), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229026826.018
Prasad, N., Bouman, R., Horne, R., & Milasi, S. (2015). Ageing and labour market implications for Lithuania. International Labour Organisation (ILO). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2188.9360
Bosch, N., & ter Weel, B. (2013). Labour-Market Outcomes of Older Workers in the Netherlands: Measuring Job Prospects Using the Occupational Age Structure (IZA Discussion Paper No. 7252). Social Science Research Network. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2234274
Brazienė, R., Vyšniauskienė, S. (2025). Youth Life Chances and the Implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights in Lithuania. Social Inclusion, 13(0), Article 10165. https://doi.org/10.17645/SI.10165
Brusch, M., & Büsch, V. (2013). Desire to continue working and job-related factors of older workers in Germany. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 24(7–8), 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2013.791111
Chawla, M., Betcherman, G., & Banerji, A. (2007). From red to gray: the “third transition” of aging populations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. World Bank.
Cockett, J. (2024) Labour Market Outlook – Spring 2024. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. https://www.cipd.org/globalassets/media/knowledge/knowledge-hub/reports/2024-pdfs/8614-lmo-spring-report-2024-web.pdf
Corsi, M., Lodovici, M. S. (2013). Active Ageing and Gender Equality. Working Papers CEB, Working Papers CEB. https://ideas.repec.org//p/sol/wpaper/2013-137877.html
Dörflinger, M., & Loichinger, E. (2024). Fertility decline, changes in age structure, and the potential for demographic dividends: A global analysis. Demographic Research, 50, 221–290. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2024.50.9
Eatock, D. (2019). Demographic outlook for the European Union 2019: in-depth analysis. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/061378
European Commission. Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. & Economic Policy Committee of the European Communities. (2015). The 2015 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2013–2060). Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2765/877631
Fletcher, B. (2025). Youth Employment 2025 Outlook. Youth Futures Foundation. https://youthfuturesfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Report_Youth-Employment-2025-Outlook_Youth-Futures-Foundation_November-2025-FINAL.pdf
Gruževskis, B., & Pocius, A. (2022). Transformations of Changes in the Labour Market Situation of Young People and Older Adults in Lithuania: A Demographic Approach. Filosofija. Sociologija, 33(4), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.6001/fil-soc.v33i4.4843
Hoff, A. (2007). The drivers of population ageing in Central and Eastern Europe [PowerPoint slides]. Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford. https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/download/118
Huseynova, I. (2024). Precarious Work in Lithuania: Integration Challenges into the Labour Market for Foreign Born Citizens. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(01), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2024.121007
Kalemli-Ozcan, S., Papaioannou, E., & Perri, F. (2012). Global Banks and Crisis Transmission (No. W18209; p. w18209). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18209
Kühn, S., Milasi, S., & Yoon, S. (2018). Population ageing and future labour market challenges. World Employment and Social Outlook, 2018(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.127
Lisenkova, K., Mcquaid, R. W., & Wright, R. E. (2010). Demographic change and labour markets. Contemporary Social Science, 5(3), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450144.2010.480828
Malik, M. A. (2024). Does Weight Gain Makes Elderly More Vulnerable in Labour Market. Ageing International, 49(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-023-09533-w
McCann, P. (2017). Cities, Regions and Population Decline. In C. Martinez, T. Weyman, & J. Van Dijk (Eds.), Demographic Transition, Labour Markets and Regional Resilience (pp. 17–27). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63197-4_2
McKinsey Global Institute. (2016a). Global Growth: can productivity save the day in an aging world? Executive summary. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/employment%20and%20growth/can%20long%20term%20global%20growth%20be%20saved/mgi%20global%20growth_executive%20summary_january%202015.pdf
McKinsey Global Institute. (2016b). Urban World: Meeting the demographic challenge. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/urbanization/urban%20world%20meeting%20the%20demographic%20challenge%20in%20cities/urban-world-demographic-challenge_full-report.pdf
Morgan, D., Dahlberg, L., Waldegrave, C., Mikulionienė, S., Rapolienė, G., Lamura, G., & Aartsen, M. (2021). Revisiting Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes. In K. Walsh, T. Scharf, S. Van Regenmortel, & A. Wanka (Eds.), Social Exclusion in Later Life (Vol. 28, pp. 99–117). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_8
Nicolini, R., & Roig, J. L. (2024). The spatial dimension of ageing and growth in European regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 73(4), 1649–1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-024-01311-z
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Žalimienė, L., Junevičienė, J. (2021). Youth Preferences for Workplace Characteristics and What Could Elderly Care Sector Suggest in This Case. Filosofija. Sociologija, 32(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.6001/fil-soc.v32i2.4411
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Pocius, A., & Krutulienė, S. (2021). Assessment of the Unemployment Situation of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market of the Baltic States. Socialinė Teorija, Empirija, Politika Ir Praktika, 23, 8–25. https://doi.org/10.15388/STEPP.2021.34
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Žalimienė, L., & Junevičienė, J. (2024a). “Yes or No? What do Lithuanian Unemployed Young People Think about Employment in Elderly Care Sector?”.Calitatea Vieții, 35(4), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.46841/RCV.2024.04.03
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Ginevičius, R., Danilevičienė, I. (2024b). The influence of wage and employment on competitiveness: An assessment. Journal of Competitiveness, 16(4), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2024.04.05
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Pocius, A., & Brazienė, R. (2024c). Lietuvos jaunimo perėjimas iš švietimo sistemos į darbo rinką: Iššūkiai ir Tendencijos. Tiltai, 93(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v93i2.2670
Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, L., Ginevičius, R., Trishch, R., Andriušaitienė, D., Stasytytė, V. (2025). Assessment of Demographic Profile of European Union Countries. Amfiteatru Economic, 27(70), 1109–1126. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2025/70/1109
OECD. (2025a). 2025 OECD Skills Outlook: Business Underlines Importance of Skills Development and Reducing Skills Shortages. https://www.businessatoecd.org/newsroom/recent-news/2025-oecd-skills-outlook-business-underlines-importance-of-skills-development-and-reducing-skills-shortages
OECD. (2025b). OECD Employment Outlook 2025: Can We Get Through the Demographic Crunch? OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/194a947b-en
Park, C.-Y., Shin, K., & Kikkawa, A. (2022). Demographic change, technological advance, and growth: A cross-country analysis. Economic Modelling, 108, Article 105742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105742
Pastore, F. (2018a). Pastore, F. (2018). New education models for the future of work force (GLO Discussion Paper No. 267). Global Labor Organization (GLO). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/183214
Pastore, F. (2018b). Why is youth unemployment so high and different across countries? IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/IZAWOL.420
Pocius, A., Gruževskis, B. (2024). Laisvos darbo vietos ir stebimi pokyčiai: Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos tendencijos. Lietuvos socialinė raida, 13, 96–117. https://vb.lcss.lt/object/elaba:222686169/222686169.pdf
Pollak, C., Sirven, N. (2012). Active Ageing Beyond the Labour Market: Evidence on Work Environment Motivations (Working Paper No. DT48). IRDES. IDEAS/RePEc. https://ideas.repec.org/p/irh/wpaper/dt48.html
Serban, A. C. (2012). Aging Population and Effects on Labour Market. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00041-X
Șerban, A. C., Aceleanu, M. I. (2015). Current Demographic Trends – A New Challenge for the Labour Market. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XXII(4), 309–320. http://store.ectap.ro/articole/1155.pdf
Skučienė, D., Brazienė, R., Vencius, T. (2025). Resilience of Socially Vulnerable Populations to Disinformation in Lithuania: The Role of the Welfare State. Social Inclusion, 13(0), Article 10100. https://doi.org/10.17645/SI.10100
World Economic Forum. (2025). Drivers of labour-market transformation. In The Future of Jobs Report 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/1-drivers-of-labour-market-transformation/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.