Artefacts of Scandinavian Origin in Lithuania in the Late Iron Age

Abstract

This article examines the relations between the Balts and the Scandinavians during the Late Iron Age. This archaeological period was particularly significant for the Balts because the elite was forming, and the demand for luxury goods was increasing. This encouraged trade and conflict with neighbors, including the Scandinavians. The study analyzes the extent, dynamics, and nature of Baltic-Scandinavian relations by using artifacts of the Scandinavian origin found in present-day Lithuania and historical sources. The article discusses artifacts from Lithuania that can be linked to Scandinavian influences and trends, as well as artifacts that entered the country through warfare or trade. In Lithuania, 261 artifacts of unquestionably Scandinavian origin have been identified in a total of 68 archaeological objects. Most of these are weapons, though jewelry, belts, horse equipment, and tool parts have also been discovered. A chronological analysis of the artifacts reveals that the most intense Baltic-Scandinavian interactions occurred in the ninth and tenth centuries, followed by a notable decline in the eleventh century. The geographical distribution of the artifacts confirms that waterways were the primary trade and transit routes during this period.